For an academic study of General Dai Li's historical role see Lloyd Eastman, The Abortive Revolution: China under Nationalist Rule (Cambridge, Mass., 1974), chapter 2. For a more informal, sympathetic portrait of Dai Li in Chongqing, see H. O. Yardley's memoir references to »Hatchet Man« in The Chinese Black Chamber: An Adventure in Espionage (Boston, 1983)

Source material on Big Sister Chen is scarce; for a portrait see Beijing wanbao, January 1, 1981; also Battle Hymn, p. 460. Big Sister Chen, who became a general and held high military positions into the 1970s, never married. In China in 1980 this fact still seemed a point of embarrassment and may help to explain the lack of attention to her in contemporary histories. Discussions at National Military Museum, Beijing, 1978, and with Li Zongyi, Modern History Institute, March, 1984

Battle Hymn, Book 9; photos in Museum of Chinese History, Beijing, and University Archives, Arizona State University

Smedley to China Aid Council, November 8, 1939, from Henan. On bandit-secret-society collaboration with New Fourth Army guerrilla units, see Elizabeth Perry, Rebels and Revolutionaries in North China, 1845-1945 (Stanford, 1981)

Renmin ribao (People's Daily), memoir biography of Smedley by Li Lou, March 11, 18, 1979

Nehru correspondence, nos. 5594-95, 5610-12 and Hutheesing papers, vol. 33, pp. 55-56; both located in the Nehru Memorial Library, New Delhi, India. See also Battle Hymn, p. 299

On the Guangxi warlords, see Diana Lary, Region and Nation: The Kwangsi Clique in Chinese Politics, 1925—37 (London, 1974). Also see Smedley to Mildred Price (two letters) of China Aid Council (New York), dated October 19, 1939 (courtesy of Ayako Ishigaki); Manchester Guardian, April 13, 1940; and Battle Hymn, Book 7

Edgar Snow to Peg (Helen Foster) Snow, June 4,1939, from Hong Kong (in Nym Wales's private possession). The authors are indebted to John M. Hamilton for the reference

For subtleties of the split, see Benton, »South Anhui Incident,« pp. 684— 85. The specific issue in the spring of 1939 was whether to position substantial numbers of troops north of the Yangzi. Clearly Smedley sided with Chen Yi, who wanted to go north despite Guomindang objections. Chen Yi was Smedley's favorite New Fourth Army commander and in the summer she would follow his units north. Interview with Dr. Shen Jizhen, Wang Huo, »Hansi Xibo,« Geming wenwu, no. 4 (July-August 1979): 38-41

Edgar Snow, Random Notes on Red China (Cambridge, Mass., 1957), pp. 20-22