<p>Burton and Whiting, op. cit.</p>

<p>Bettelheim does not restrict this interpretation to male initiation rites only, but claims that female initiation rites may equally be expressions of envy for the masculine role. He emphasizes male initiation and envy of the female because he feels that female envy of male sex functions—penis envy—has been overemphasized at the expense of the other. He suggests that this is because »in any society, envy of the dominant sex is the more easily observed [and] more readily admitted, more openly expressed and more easily recognized« (Bettelheim, op. cit., p.

<p>Bruno Bettelheim, Symbolic Wounds: Puberty Rites and the Envious Male (Glencoe: The Free Press, 1954), p. 45.</p>

<p>Ibid., p. 91.</p>

<p>Roger V. Burton and John W. M. Whiting, »The Absent Father and Cross-Sex Identity« Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 7 (1961): 85-95. It is not within the scope of this essay to evaluate Whiting's status-envy hypothesis as a learning theory, although clearly, the extent to which we would want to accept his conclusions depends largely on this evaluation.</p>

<p>The dynamics of this are not as clear as Burton and Whiting suggest. In most »matrilocal« societies (usually also matrilineal), »control« or »power« still rests in the hands of men, although these men are now »mother's brothers« or »mother's maternal uncles« rather than fathers and grandfathers (see David Schneider and Kathleen Gough, eds., Matrilineal Kinship [Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967], for the most extensive treatment of matrilineal societies).

<p>Brown, »Sex Role Development in a Changing Culture« pp. 237-238; Lawrence Kohlberg, »A Cognitive-Developmental Analysis of Children's Sex Role Concepts and Attitudes« in Maccoby, op. cit.</p>

<p>Daniel G. Brown, »Sex-Role Preference in Young Children« Psychological Monographs 70 (1956): 1-19; »Masculinity-Femininity Development in Children« Journal of Consulting Psy~ chology 21 (1957): 197-202; »Sex Role Development in a Changing Culture« Psychological Bulletin 55 (1958): 232-242.</p>

<p>Ibid., p. 352.</p>

<p>Spiro, op. cit., p. 291.</p>