Interviews with Harry Steinmetz and Elizabeth Smedley

Normal News, 1916: October, November, December issues

Normal News, October 19, 1916, and Fresno Morning Republican, September 15, 1916

James Weinstein, The Decline of Socialism in America (New York, 1967), p. 53

Upton Sinclair, »The Red Dragon,« unpublished ms. from Upton Sinclair papers; Normal News, January 17, 1916

Normal News, October 28, November 18, 1915; January 20, February 17, 1916

Goldman, Living My Life, p. 558, and George Edwards, »Free Speech in San Diego,« Mother Earth 10 (July 1915): 182-85. Open Forum founders included George Edwards, a musician at the Conservatory of Music, and Dr. A. Lyle de Jarnette, a Baptist minister who resigned from his church to found the Forum

Normal News, April 29 and June 21, 1915. The liveliest account of the San Diego affair is still Emma Goldman's Living My Life (New York, 1931), pp. 557-58. For recent evaluations see Alice Wexler, Emma Goldman: An Intimate Life (New York, 1984), pp. 179-82, and Candace Falk, Love, Anarchy, and Emma Goldman (New York, 1984), pp. 159-89

Normal News, scattered miscellaneous references in spring issues of 1915

Smedley references in Normal School records are not clear. She attended classes in 1913 and 1914, but apparently never graduated from the two-year program. Smedley references in Normal News (San Diego), January 7, 28, March 19, May 13, June 11, 18, 1914, and passim through June 21, 1915