See Wu, Sian Incident, for detailed analysis.

Associated Press release, January 8, 1937; Liberty 14 (March 13, 1937): 19-20; Daily Worker, January 29, 1937, p. 1.

Associated Press release, January 7, 1937; Kansas City Star, January 9, 1937; New York Post, January 7, 1937; see also New York Herald Tribune, January 8, 1937; New York Times, January 10, 1937.

Anna Wang, Ich kampfte fur Mao (Hamburg, 1973), and Luo Ruiqing, Lu Chengsao, Wang Bingnan, Xi'an shibian yu Zhou Enlai tongzhi (Beijing, 1978), pp. 1-44.

Interview with Liu Ding. After proving himself in the Xi'an Incident, Liu Ding joined the Red Army at the new capital of Yan'an. He thereafter played a crucial role in the development of a guerrilla-based munitions industry during World War II and in the civil war period that culminated in communist victory in 1949. In the 1950s Liu advanced to the vice-ministerial level in China's munitions industry. His career was interrupted by the 1966-69 Cultural Revolution, of which he became a major target, ironically enough because of his role in the Xi'an Incident.

Interview with Wang Bingnan. After the Xi'an Incident, Wang Bingnan moved to Yan'an and later Chongqing, where he worked closely with Zhou Enlai in foreign affairs. During the early 1960s, as China's ambassador to Poland, Wang conducted quiet talks with the Kennedy administration about the possibilities of improving United States-China relations. These talks were suspended in 1964 by the escalating Vietnam War. During the Cultural Revolution of 1966—76, Wang was attacked for his association with Chiang Kai-shek and Yang Hucheng in 1936. His second wife committed suicide.

Wu, Sian Incident, pp. 75 — 82; James Bertram, First Act in China: The Story of the Sian Mutiny (New York, 1938), pp. 111-23.

For the split within the League of Left Wing Writers, the best work in English is Hunter, »Chinese League of Left Wing Writers; see also Spence, Gate of Heavenly Peace, chapter 9; and for a highly partisan view, Chung Wen, »National Defense Literature,« Chinese Literature, no. 10 (1971): 91—99. In Chinese the materials are fragmentary but numerous; for recent comments see Xinwenxue shiliao, no. 2 (1979): 243-58.

Clubb, The Witness and I, p. 165; Shanghai police files in F.B.I. 100-68282-1; B32 (Exhibits); »The Corrupt Press in China,« Nation 141 (July 3, 1935): 10.

Johnson, An Instance of Treason, p. 64.