Personal letter, Peter Paret to authors, June 7, 1982.

Barbara Erlich White, Renoir: His Life, Art, and Letters (New York, 1984), pp.265, 271; and New York Times, February 22, 1971 for Durieux obituary. For Renoir portrait, see illustrations.

Quoted in Drinnon and Drinnon, eds., Nowbere at Home, p. 128.

From Emma Goldman papers, Amsterdam, as quoted in Richard Drinnon and Anna Drinnon, eds., Nowhere at Home: Letters from Exile of Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman (New York, 1975), pp. 135 -37.

By 1934 the Institute was forced to close its doors in the face of growing hostility and antiSemitism from the right. The international flavor, the large number of Jewish staff, and the Institute's work among the employed poor made it a target. Most of its prominent members left Germany, and a significant number of them came to the United States.

A. C. N. Nambiar letter to authors, December 31, 1977; Margaret Vallance, Rudolf Rocker: A Biographical Sketch, Journal of Contemporary History 8, no. 3 (July 1973): 7595. On Goldman and Berkman and their interest in the Ludlow, Colorado, 1914 massacre, see Wexler, Emma Goldman, pp. 219-20.

Smedley to Michaelis, December 8, 1923; Smedley to Lennon, February 21, 1925.

As a writer and speaker with his own following, Surendranath Karr had been a troublesome figure within the movement. In New York he had bitterly opposed Das and Smedley in the Friends of Freedom for India and in Berlin he led personal attacks on Smedley and Chatto. Thus her visits to Karr's deathbed surprised her comrades. Embarrassed, Smedley explained her actions in terms of basic humanity: »Before he died he asked that I see him once. I went twice and did all I could—which was little. During his illness I kept him supplied with eggs, butter, broth, bread, meat, and all he needed.

Smedley to Lennon, September 16, 1923.

On Lila Singh, see the Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 4, pp. 209-12.